Sample Code

C Protocol 1.0

C Read Write Protocol 1.0

Description

This example writes Goal Position to Dynamixel and reads Present Position of Dynamixel until it stops moving. The functions that are related with the Read and the Write handle the number of items which are near each other in the Dynamixel control table, such as the goal position and the goal velocity.
Supported DYNAMIXEL

Protocol 1.0 DYNAMIXEL

Sample code

  /*
  * read_write.c
  *
  *  Created on: 2016. 5. 16.
  *      Author: Leon Ryu Woon Jung
  */

  //
  // *********     Read and Write Example      *********
  //
  //
  // Available DXL model on this example : All models using Protocol 1.0
  // This example is designed for using a Dynamixel MX-28, and an USB2DYNAMIXEL.
  // To use another Dynamixel model, such as X series, see their details in E-Manual(support.robotis.com) and edit below "#define"d variables yourself.
  // Be sure that Dynamixel MX properties are already set as %% ID : 1 / Baudnum : 1 (Baudrate : 1000000 [1M])
  //

  #ifdef __linux__
  #include <unistd.h>
  #include <fcntl.h>
  #include <termios.h>
  #elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
  #include <conio.h>
  #endif

  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include "dynamixel_sdk.h"                                   // Uses DYNAMIXEL SDK library

  // Control table address
  #define ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE           24                  // Control table address is different in Dynamixel model
  #define ADDR_MX_GOAL_POSITION           30
  #define ADDR_MX_PRESENT_POSITION        36

  // Protocol version
  #define PROTOCOL_VERSION                1.0                 // See which protocol version is used in the Dynamixel

  // Default setting

  #define DXL_ID                          1                   // Dynamixel ID: 1
  #define BAUDRATE                        1000000
  #define DEVICENAME                      "/dev/ttyUSB0"      // Check which port is being used on your controller
                                                              // ex) Windows: "COM1"   Linux: "/dev/ttyUSB0"

  #define TORQUE_ENABLE                   1                   // Value for enabling the torque
  #define TORQUE_DISABLE                  0                   // Value for disabling the torque
  #define DXL_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE      100                 // Dynamixel will rotate between this value
  #define DXL_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE      4000                // and this value (note that the Dynamixel would not move when the position value is out of movable range. Check e-manual about the range of the Dynamixel you use.)
  #define DXL_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD     10                  // Dynamixel moving status threshold

  #define ESC_ASCII_VALUE                 0x1b

  int getch()
  {
  #ifdef __linux__
    struct termios oldt, newt;
    int ch;
    tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &oldt);
    newt = oldt;
    newt.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
    tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &newt);
    ch = getchar();
    tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &oldt);
    return ch;
  #elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
    return _getch();
  #endif
  }

  int kbhit(void)
  {
  #ifdef __linux__
    struct termios oldt, newt;
    int ch;
    int oldf;

    tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &oldt);
    newt = oldt;
    newt.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
    tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &newt);
    oldf = fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_GETFL, 0);
    fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_SETFL, oldf | O_NONBLOCK);

    ch = getchar();

    tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &oldt);
    fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_SETFL, oldf);

    if (ch != EOF)
    {
      ungetc(ch, stdin);
      return 1;
    }

    return 0;
  #elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
    return _kbhit();
  #endif
  }

  int main()
  {
    // Initialize PortHandler Structs
    // Set the port path
    // Get methods and members of PortHandlerLinux or PortHandlerWindows
    int port_num = portHandler(DEVICENAME);

    // Initialize PacketHandler Structs
    packetHandler();

    int index = 0;
    int dxl_comm_result = COMM_TX_FAIL;             // Communication result
    int dxl_goal_position[2] = { DXL_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE, DXL_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE };         // Goal position

    uint8_t dxl_error = 0;                          // Dynamixel error
    uint16_t dxl_present_position = 0;              // Present position

    // Open port
    if (openPort(port_num))
    {
      printf("Succeeded to open the port!\n");
    }
    else
    {
      printf("Failed to open the port!\n");
      printf("Press any key to terminate...\n");
      getch();
      return 0;
    }

    // Set port baudrate
    if (setBaudRate(port_num, BAUDRATE))
    {
      printf("Succeeded to change the baudrate!\n");
    }
    else
    {
      printf("Failed to change the baudrate!\n");
      printf("Press any key to terminate...\n");
      getch();
      return 0;
    }

    // Enable DXL Torque
    write1ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION, DXL_ID, ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_ENABLE);
    if ((dxl_comm_result = getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != COMM_SUCCESS)
    {
      printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_comm_result);
    }
    else if ((dxl_error = getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != 0)
    {
      printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_error);
    }
    else
    {
      printf("Dynamixel has been successfully connected \n");
    }

    while (1)
    {
      printf("Press any key to continue! (or press ESC to quit!)\n");
      if (getch() == ESC_ASCII_VALUE)
        break;

      // Write goal position
      write2ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION, DXL_ID, ADDR_MX_GOAL_POSITION, dxl_goal_position[index]);
      if ((dxl_comm_result = getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != COMM_SUCCESS)
      {
        printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_comm_result);
      }
      else if ((dxl_error = getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != 0)
      {
        printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_error);
      }

      do
      {
        // Read present position
        dxl_present_position = read2ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION, DXL_ID, ADDR_MX_PRESENT_POSITION);
        if ((dxl_comm_result = getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != COMM_SUCCESS)
        {
          printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_comm_result);
        }
        else if ((dxl_error = getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != 0)
        {
          printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_error);
        }

        printf("[ID:%03d] GoalPos:%03d  PresPos:%03d\n", DXL_ID, dxl_goal_position[index], dxl_present_position);

      } while ((abs(dxl_goal_position[index] - dxl_present_position) > DXL_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD));

      // Change goal position
      if (index == 0)
      {
        index = 1;
      }
      else
      {
        index = 0;
      }
    }

    // Disable Dynamixel Torque
    write1ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION, DXL_ID, ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_DISABLE);
    if ((dxl_comm_result = getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != COMM_SUCCESS)
    {
      printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_comm_result);
    }
    else if ((dxl_error = getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != 0)
    {
      printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_error);
    }

    // Close port
    closePort(port_num);

    return 0;
  }

Details

#ifdef __linux__
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <termios.h>
#elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
#include <conio.h>
#endif

This source includes above to get key input interruption while the example is running. Actual functions for getting the input is described in a little below.

#include <stdlib.h>

The function abs() is in the example code, and it needs stdlib.h to be included.

#include <stdio.h>

The example shows Dynamixel status in sequence by the function printf(). So here stdio.h is needed.

#include "dynamixel_sdk.h"                                   // Uses DYNAMIXEL SDK library

All libraries of DYNAMIXEL SDK are linked with the header file dynamixel_sdk.h.

// Control table address
#define ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE           24                  // Control table address is different in Dynamixel model
#define ADDR_MX_GOAL_POSITION           30
#define ADDR_MX_PRESENT_POSITION        36

Dynamixel series have their own control tables: Addresses and Byte Length in each items. To control one of the items, its address (and length if necessary) is required. Find your requirements in http://emanual.robotis.com/.

// Protocol version
#define PROTOCOL_VERSION                1.0                 // See which protocol version is used in the Dynamixel

Dynamixel uses either or both protocols: Protocol 1.0 and Protocol 2.0. Choose one of the Protocol which is appropriate in the Dynamixel.

// Default setting
#define DXL_ID                          1                   // Dynamixel ID: 1
#define BAUDRATE                        1000000
#define DEVICENAME                      "/dev/ttyUSB0"      // Check which port is being used on your controller
                                                            // ex) Windows: "COM1"   Linux: "/dev/ttyUSB0"

#define TORQUE_ENABLE                   1                   // Value for enabling the torque
#define TORQUE_DISABLE                  0                   // Value for disabling the torque
#define DXL_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE      100                 // Dynamixel will rotate between this value
#define DXL_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE      4000                // and this value (note that the Dynamixel would not move when the position value is out of movable range. Check e-manual about the range of the Dynamixel you use.)
#define DXL_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD     10                  // Dynamixel moving status threshold

#define ESC_ASCII_VALUE                 0x1b

Here we set some variables to let you freely change them and use them to run the example code.

As the document already said in previous chapter, customize Dynamixel control table items, such as DXL_ID number, communication BAUDRATE, and the DEVICENAME, on your own terms of needs. In particular, BAUDRATE and DEVICENAME have systematical dependencies on your controller, so make clear what kind of communication method you will use.

Dynamixel basically needs the TORQUE_ENABLE to be rotating or give you its internal information. On the other hand, it doesn’t need torque enabled if you get your goal, so finally do TORQUE_DISABLE to prepare to the next sequence.

Since the Dynamixel has its own rotation range, it may shows malfunction if your request on your dynamixel is out of range. For example, Dynamixel MX-28 and Dynamixel PRO 54-200 has its rotatable range as 0 ~ 4028 and -250950 ~ 250950, each.

DXL_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD acts as a criteria for verifying its rotation stopped.

int getch()
{
#ifdef __linux__
  struct termios oldt, newt;
  int ch;
  tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &oldt);
  newt = oldt;
  newt.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
  tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &newt);
  ch = getchar();
  tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &oldt);
  return ch;
#elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
  return _getch();
#endif
}

int kbhit(void)
{
#ifdef __linux__
  struct termios oldt, newt;
  int ch;
  int oldf;

  tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &oldt);
  newt = oldt;
  newt.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
  tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &newt);
  oldf = fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_GETFL, 0);
  fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_SETFL, oldf | O_NONBLOCK);

  ch = getchar();

  tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &oldt);
  fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_SETFL, oldf);

  if (ch != EOF)
  {
    ungetc(ch, stdin);
    return 1;
  }

  return 0;
#elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
  return _kbhit();
#endif
}

These functions accept the key inputs in terms of example action. The example codes mainly apply the function getch() rather than the function kbhit() to get information which key has been pressed.

int main()
{
  // Initialize PortHandler Structs
  // Set the port path
  // Get methods and members of PortHandlerLinux or PortHandlerWindows
  int port_num = portHandler(DEVICENAME);

  // Initialize PacketHandler Structs
  packetHandler();

  int index = 0;
  int dxl_comm_result = COMM_TX_FAIL;             // Communication result
  int dxl_goal_position[2] = { DXL_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE, DXL_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE };         // Goal position

  uint8_t dxl_error = 0;                          // Dynamixel error
  uint16_t dxl_present_position = 0;              // Present position

  // Open port
  if (openPort(port_num))
  {
    printf("Succeeded to open the port!\n");
  }
  else
  {
    printf("Failed to open the port!\n");
    printf("Press any key to terminate...\n");
    getch();
    return 0;
  }

  // Set port baudrate
  if (setBaudRate(port_num, BAUDRATE))
  {
    printf("Succeeded to change the baudrate!\n");
  }
  else
  {
    printf("Failed to change the baudrate!\n");
    printf("Press any key to terminate...\n");
    getch();
    return 0;
  }

  // Enable DXL Torque
  write1ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION, DXL_ID, ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_ENABLE);
  if ((dxl_comm_result = getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != COMM_SUCCESS)
  {
    printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_comm_result);
  }
  else if ((dxl_error = getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != 0)
  {
    printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_error);
  }
  else
  {
    printf("Dynamixel has been successfully connected \n");
  }

  while (1)
  {
    printf("Press any key to continue! (or press ESC to quit!)\n");
    if (getch() == ESC_ASCII_VALUE)
      break;

    // Write goal position
    write2ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION, DXL_ID, ADDR_MX_GOAL_POSITION, dxl_goal_position[index]);
    if ((dxl_comm_result = getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != COMM_SUCCESS)
    {
      printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_comm_result);
    }
    else if ((dxl_error = getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != 0)
    {
      printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_error);
    }

    do
    {
      // Read present position
      dxl_present_position = read2ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION, DXL_ID, ADDR_MX_PRESENT_POSITION);
      if ((dxl_comm_result = getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != COMM_SUCCESS)
      {
        printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_comm_result);
      }
      else if ((dxl_error = getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != 0)
      {
        printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_error);
      }

      printf("[ID:%03d] GoalPos:%03d  PresPos:%03d\n", DXL_ID, dxl_goal_position[index], dxl_present_position);

    } while ((abs(dxl_goal_position[index] - dxl_present_position) > DXL_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD));

    // Change goal position
    if (index == 0)
    {
      index = 1;
    }
    else
    {
      index = 0;
    }
  }

  // Disable Dynamixel Torque
  write1ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION, DXL_ID, ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_DISABLE);
  if ((dxl_comm_result = getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != COMM_SUCCESS)
  {
    printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_comm_result);
  }
  else if ((dxl_error = getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != 0)
  {
    printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_error);
  }

  // Close port
  closePort(port_num);

  return 0;
}

In main() function, the codes call actual functions for Dynamixel control.

  // Initialize PortHandler Structs
  // Set the port path
  // Get methods and members of PortHandlerLinux or PortHandlerWindows
  int port_num = portHandler(DEVICENAME);

portHandler() function sets port path as DEVICENAME and get port_num, and prepares an appropriate functions for port control in controller OS automatically. port_num would be used in many functions in the body of the code to specify the port for use.

  // Initialize PacketHandler Structs
  packetHandler();

packetHandler() function initializes parameters used for packet construction and packet storing.

  int index = 0;
  int dxl_comm_result = COMM_TX_FAIL;             // Communication result
  int dxl_goal_position[2] = {DXL_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE, DXL_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE};         // Goal position

  uint8_t dxl_error = 0;                          // Dynamixel error
  uint16_t dxl_present_position = 0;              // Present position

index variable points the direction to where the Dynamixel should be rotated.

dxl_comm_result indicates which error has been occurred during packet communication.

dxl_goal_position stores goal points of Dynamixel rotation.

dxl_error shows the internal error in Dynamixel.

dxl_present_position views where now it points out.

  // Open port
  if (openPort(port_num))
  {
      printf("Succeeded to open the port!\n");
  }
  else
  {
      printf("Failed to open the port!\n");
      printf("Press any key to terminate...\n");
      _getch();
      return 0;
  }

First, controller opens #port_num port to do serial communication with the Dynamixel. If it fails to open the port, the example will be terminated.

  // Set port baudrate
  if (setBaudRate(port_num, BAUDRATE))
  {
      printf("Succeeded to change the baudrate!\n");
  }
  else
  {
      printf("Failed to change the baudrate!\n");
      printf("Press any key to terminate...\n");
      _getch();
      return 0;
  }

Secondly, the controller sets the communication BAUDRATE at #port_num port opened previously.

  // Enable DXL Torque
  write1ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION, DXL_ID, ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_ENABLE);
  if ((dxl_comm_result = getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != COMM_SUCCESS)
  {
    printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_comm_result);
  }
  else if ((dxl_error = getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != 0)
  {
    printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_error);
  }
  else
  {
    printf("Dynamixel has been successfully connected \n");
  }

As mentioned in the document, above code enables Dynamixel torque to set its status as being ready to move.

write1ByteTxRx() function sends an instruction to the #DXL_ID Dynamixel in PROTOCOL_VERSION communication protocol through #port_num port, writing 1 byte of TORQUE_ENABLE value to ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE address. The function checks Tx/Rx result and receives Hardware error. getLastTxRxResult() function and getLastRxPacketError() function get either, and then printTxRxResult() function and printRxPacketError() function show results on the console window if any communication error or Hardware error has been occurred.

  while (1)
  {
    printf("Press any key to continue! (or press ESC to quit!)\n");
    if (getch() == ESC_ASCII_VALUE)
      break;

    // Write goal position
    write2ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION, DXL_ID, ADDR_MX_GOAL_POSITION, dxl_goal_position[index]);
    if ((dxl_comm_result = getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != COMM_SUCCESS)
    {
      printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_comm_result);
    }
    else if ((dxl_error = getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != 0)
    {
      printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_error);
    }

    do
    {
      // Read present position
      dxl_present_position = read2ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION, DXL_ID, ADDR_MX_PRESENT_POSITION);
      if ((dxl_comm_result = getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != COMM_SUCCESS)
      {
        printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_comm_result);
      }
      else if ((dxl_error = getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != 0)
      {
        printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_error);
      }

      printf("[ID:%03d] GoalPos:%03d  PresPos:%03d\n", DXL_ID, dxl_goal_position[index], dxl_present_position);

    } while ((abs(dxl_goal_position[index] - dxl_present_position) > DXL_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD));

    // Change goal position
    if (index == 0)
    {
      index = 1;
    }
    else
    {
      index = 0;
    }
  }

During while() loop, the controller writes and reads the Dynamixel position through packet transmission/reception(Tx/Rx).

To continue its rotation, press any key except ESC.

write2ByteTxRx() function sends an instruction to the #DXL_ID Dynamixel in PROTOCOL_VERSION communication protocol through #port_num port, writing 2 byte of dxl_goal_position[index] value to ADDR_MX_GOAL_POSITION address. The function checks Tx/Rx result and receives Hardware error. getLastTxRxResult() function and getLastRxPacketError() function get either, and then printTxRxResult() function and printRxPacketError() function show results on the console window if any communication error or Hardware error has been occurred.

read2ByteTxRx() function sends an instruction to the #DXL_ID Dynamixel in PROTOCOL_VERSION communication protocol through #port_num port, requesting 2 bytes of value in ADDR_MX_PRESENT_POSITION address. The function checks Tx/Rx result and receives Hardware error. getLastTxRxResult() function and getLastRxPacketError() function get either, and then printTxRxResult() function and printRxPacketError() function show results on the console window if any communication error or Hardware error has been occurred.

Reading its present position will be ended when absolute value of (dxl_goal_position[index] - dxl_present_position) becomes smaller then DXL_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD.

At last, it changes its direction to the counter-wise and waits for extra key input.

  // Disable Dynamixel Torque
  write1ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION, DXL_ID, ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_DISABLE);
  if ((dxl_comm_result = getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != COMM_SUCCESS)
  {
    printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_comm_result);
  }
  else if ((dxl_error = getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION)) != 0)
  {
    printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION, dxl_error);
  }

The controller frees the Dynamixel to be idle.

write1ByteTxRx() function sends an instruction to the #DXL_ID Dynamixel in PROTOCOL_VERSION communication protocol through #port_num port, writing 1 byte of TORQUE_DISABLE value to ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE address. The function checks Tx/Rx result and receives Hardware error. getLastTxRxResult() function and getLastRxPacketError() function get either, and then printTxRxResult() function and printRxPacketError() function show results on the console window if any communication error or Hardware error has been occurred.

  // Close port
  closePort(port_num);

  return 0;

Finally, port becomes disposed.