CPP Indirect Address Protocol 2.0
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Description
This example writes the goal position and LED value and repeats to read present position and moving status through the indirect data storage, rather than write directly to the their own data storages. The indirect address links between direct and indirect data storages. This makes the Syncread and the Syncwrite function accessible to the items which are far from each other’s address.
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Available Dynamixel
All series using protocol 2.0
Sample code
/*
* indirect_address.cpp
*
* Created on: 2016. 2. 21.
* Author: leon
*/
//
// ********* Indirect Address Example *********
//
//
// Available Dynamixel model on this example : All models using Protocol 2.0
// This example is designed for using a Dynamixel PRO 54-200, and an USB2DYNAMIXEL.
// To use another Dynamixel model, such as X series, see their details in E-Manual(support.robotis.com) and edit below "#define"d variables yourself.
// Be sure that Dynamixel PRO properties are already set as %% ID : 1 / Baudnum : 3 (Baudrate : 1000000 [1M])
//
#ifdef __linux__
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <termios.h>
#elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
#include <conio.h>
#endif
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "dynamixel_sdk.h" // Uses DYNAMIXEL SDK library
// Control table address
// Control table address is different in Dynamixel model
#define ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE 49 // EEPROM region
#define ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ 59 // EEPROM region
#define ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE 562
#define ADDR_PRO_LED_RED 563
#define ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION 596
#define ADDR_PRO_MOVING 610
#define ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION 611
#define ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_WRITE 634
#define ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ 639
// Data Byte Length
#define LEN_PRO_LED_RED 1
#define LEN_PRO_GOAL_POSITION 4
#define LEN_PRO_MOVING 1
#define LEN_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION 4
#define LEN_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_WRITE 5
#define LEN_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ 5
// Protocol version
#define PROTOCOL_VERSION 2.0 // See which protocol version is used in the Dynamixel
// Default setting
#define DXL_ID 1 // Dynamixel ID: 1
#define BAUDRATE 1000000
#define DEVICENAME "/dev/ttyUSB0" // Check which port is being used on your controller
// ex) Windows: "COM1" Linux: "/dev/ttyUSB0"
#define TORQUE_ENABLE 1 // Value for enabling the torque
#define TORQUE_DISABLE 0 // Value for disabling the torque
#define DXL_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE -150000 // Dynamixel will rotate between this value
#define DXL_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE 150000 // and this value (note that the Dynamixel would not move when the position value is out of movable range. Check e-manual about the range of the Dynamixel you use.)
#define DXL_MINIMUM_LED_VALUE 0 // Dynamixel LED will light between this value
#define DXL_MAXIMUM_LED_VALUE 255 // and this value
#define DXL_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD 20 // Dynamixel moving status threshold
#define ESC_ASCII_VALUE 0x1b
int getch()
{
#ifdef __linux__
struct termios oldt, newt;
int ch;
tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &oldt);
newt = oldt;
newt.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &newt);
ch = getchar();
tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &oldt);
return ch;
#elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
return _getch();
#endif
}
int kbhit(void)
{
#ifdef __linux__
struct termios oldt, newt;
int ch;
int oldf;
tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &oldt);
newt = oldt;
newt.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &newt);
oldf = fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_GETFL, 0);
fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_SETFL, oldf | O_NONBLOCK);
ch = getchar();
tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &oldt);
fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_SETFL, oldf);
if (ch != EOF)
{
ungetc(ch, stdin);
return 1;
}
return 0;
#elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
return _kbhit();
#endif
}
int main()
{
// Initialize PortHandler instance
// Set the port path
// Get methods and members of PortHandlerLinux or PortHandlerWindows
dynamixel::PortHandler *portHandler = dynamixel::PortHandler::getPortHandler(DEVICENAME);
// Initialize PacketHandler instance
// Set the protocol version
// Get methods and members of Protocol1PacketHandler or Protocol2PacketHandler
dynamixel::PacketHandler *packetHandler = dynamixel::PacketHandler::getPacketHandler(PROTOCOL_VERSION);
// Initialize GroupSyncWrite instance
dynamixel::GroupSyncWrite groupSyncWrite(portHandler, packetHandler, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_WRITE, LEN_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_WRITE);
// Initialize Groupsyncread instance
dynamixel::GroupSyncRead groupSyncRead(portHandler, packetHandler, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ, LEN_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ);
int index = 0;
int dxl_comm_result = COMM_TX_FAIL; // Communication result
bool dxl_addparam_result = false; // addParam result
bool dxl_getdata_result = false; // GetParam result
int dxl_goal_position[2] = {DXL_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE, DXL_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE}; // Goal position
uint8_t dxl_error = 0; // Dynamixel error
uint8_t dxl_moving = 0; // Dynamixel moving status
uint8_t param_indirect_data_for_write[LEN_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_WRITE];
uint8_t dxl_led_value[2] = {0x00, 0xFF}; // Dynamixel LED value
int32_t dxl_present_position = 0; // Present position
// Open port
if (portHandler->openPort())
{
printf("Succeeded to open the port!\n");
}
else
{
printf("Failed to open the port!\n");
printf("Press any key to terminate...\n");
getch();
return 0;
}
// Set port baudrate
if (portHandler->setBaudRate(BAUDRATE))
{
printf("Succeeded to change the baudrate!\n");
}
else
{
printf("Failed to change the baudrate!\n");
printf("Press any key to terminate...\n");
getch();
return 0;
}
// Disable Dynamixel Torque :
// Indirect address would not accessible when the torque is already enabled
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write1ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_DISABLE, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
else
{
printf("DXL has been successfully connected \n");
}
// INDIRECTDATA parameter storages replace LED, goal position, present position and moving status storages
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE + 0, ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION + 0, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE + 2, ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION + 1, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE + 4, ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION + 2, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE + 6, ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION + 3, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE + 8, ADDR_PRO_LED_RED, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ + 0, ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION + 0, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ + 2, ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION + 1, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ + 4, ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION + 2, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ + 6, ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION + 3, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ + 8, ADDR_PRO_MOVING, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
// Enable DXL Torque
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write1ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_ENABLE, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
// Add parameter storage for the present position value
dxl_addparam_result = groupSyncRead.addParam(DXL_ID);
if (dxl_addparam_result != true)
{
fprintf(stderr, "[ID:%03d] groupSyncRead addparam failed\n", DXL_ID);
return 0;
}
while(1)
{
printf("Press any key to continue! (or press ESC to quit!)\n");
if (getch() == ESC_ASCII_VALUE)
break;
// Allocate LED and goal position value into byte array
param_indirect_data_for_write[0] = DXL_LOBYTE(DXL_LOWORD(dxl_goal_position[index]));
param_indirect_data_for_write[1] = DXL_HIBYTE(DXL_LOWORD(dxl_goal_position[index]));
param_indirect_data_for_write[2] = DXL_LOBYTE(DXL_HIWORD(dxl_goal_position[index]));
param_indirect_data_for_write[3] = DXL_HIBYTE(DXL_HIWORD(dxl_goal_position[index]));
param_indirect_data_for_write[4] = dxl_led_value[index];
// Add values to the Syncwrite storage
dxl_addparam_result = groupSyncWrite.addParam(DXL_ID, param_indirect_data_for_write);
if (dxl_addparam_result != true)
{
fprintf(stderr, "[ID:%03d] groupSyncWrite addparam failed\n", DXL_ID);
return 0;
}
// Syncwrite all
dxl_comm_result = groupSyncWrite.txPacket();
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS) packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
// Clear syncwrite parameter storage
groupSyncWrite.clearParam();
do
{
// Syncread present position from indirectdata2
dxl_comm_result = groupSyncRead.txRxPacket();
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS) packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
// Check if groupsyncread data of Dyanamixel is available
dxl_getdata_result = groupSyncRead.isAvailable(DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ, LEN_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION);
if (dxl_getdata_result != true)
{
fprintf(stderr, "[ID:%03d] groupSyncRead getdata failed", DXL_ID);
return 0;
}
// Check if groupsyncread data of Dyanamixel is available
dxl_getdata_result = groupSyncRead.isAvailable(DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ + LEN_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION, LEN_PRO_MOVING);
if (dxl_getdata_result != true)
{
fprintf(stderr, "[ID:%03d] groupSyncRead getdata failed", DXL_ID);
return 0;
}
// Get Dynamixel present position value
dxl_present_position = groupSyncRead.getData(DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ, LEN_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION);
// Get Dynamixel moving status value
dxl_moving = groupSyncRead.getData(DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ + LEN_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION, LEN_PRO_MOVING);
printf("[ID:%03d] GoalPos:%d PresPos:%d IsMoving:%d\n", DXL_ID, dxl_goal_position[index], dxl_present_position, dxl_moving);
}while(abs(dxl_goal_position[index] - dxl_present_position) > DXL_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD);
// Change goal position
if (index == 0)
{
index = 1;
}
else
{
index = 0;
}
}
// Disable Dynamixel Torque
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write1ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_DISABLE, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
// Close port
portHandler->closePort();
return 0;
}
Details
#ifdef __linux__
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <termios.h>
#elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
#include <conio.h>
#endif
This source includes above to get key input interruption while the example is running. Actual functions for getting the input is described in a little below.
#include <stdlib.h>
The function abs() is in the example code, and it needs stdlib.h to be included.
#include <stdio.h>
The example shows Dynamixel status in sequence by the function printf(). So here stdio.h is needed.
#include "dynamixel_sdk.h" // Uses DYNAMIXEL SDK library
All libraries of DYNAMIXEL SDK are linked with the header file dynamixel_sdk.h.
// Control table address
// Control table address is different in Dynamixel model
#define ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE 49 // EEPROM region
#define ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ 59 // EEPROM region
#define ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE 562
#define ADDR_PRO_LED_RED 563
#define ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION 596
#define ADDR_PRO_MOVING 610
#define ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION 611
#define ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_WRITE 634
#define ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ 639
// Data Byte Length
#define LEN_PRO_LED_RED 1
#define LEN_PRO_GOAL_POSITION 4
#define LEN_PRO_MOVING 1
#define LEN_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION 4
#define LEN_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_WRITE 5
#define LEN_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ 5
Dynamixel series have their own control tables: Addresses and Byte Length in each items. To control one of the items, its address (and length if necessary) is required. Find your requirements in http://emanual.robotis.com/.
// Protocol version
#define PROTOCOL_VERSION 2.0 // See which protocol version is used in the Dynamixel
Dynamixel uses either or both protocols: Protocol 1.0 and Protocol 2.0. Choose one of the Protocol which is appropriate in the Dynamixel.
// Default setting
#define DXL_ID 1 // Dynamixel ID: 1
#define BAUDRATE 1000000
#define DEVICENAME "/dev/ttyUSB0" // Check which port is being used on your controller
// ex) Windows: "COM1" Linux: "/dev/ttyUSB0"
#define TORQUE_ENABLE 1 // Value for enabling the torque
#define TORQUE_DISABLE 0 // Value for disabling the torque
#define DXL_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE -150000 // Dynamixel will rotate between this value
#define DXL_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE 150000 // and this value (note that the Dynamixel would not move when the position value is out of movable range. Check e-manual about the range of the Dynamixel you use.)
#define DXL_MINIMUM_LED_VALUE 0 // Dynamixel LED will light between this value
#define DXL_MAXIMUM_LED_VALUE 255 // and this value
#define DXL_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD 20 // Dynamixel moving status threshold
#define ESC_ASCII_VALUE 0x1b
Here we set some variables to let you freely change them and use them to run the example code.
As the document previously said in previous chapter, customize Dynamixel control table items, such as DXL_ID number, communication BAUDRATE, and the DEVICENAME, on your own terms of needs. In particular, BAUDRATE and DEVICENAME have systematical dependencies on your controller, so make clear what kind of communication method you will use.
The example uses Dynamixel DXL_ID connected with the port DEVICENAME.
Dynamixel basically needs the TORQUE_ENABLE to be rotating or give you its internal information. On the other hand, it doesn’t need torque enabled if you get your goal, so finally do TORQUE_DISABLE to prepare to the next sequence.
Since the Dynamixel has its own rotation range, it may shows malfunction if your request on your dynamixel is out of range. For example, Dynamixel MX-28 and Dynamixel PRO 54-200 has its rotatable range as 0 ~ 4028 and -250950 ~ 250950, each.
Dynamixel LED has its own range of value: 1 byte red LED for Dynamixel MX-28 and 1byte each on red, green, blue LED for Dynamixel PRO 54-200.
DXL_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD acts as a criteria for verifying its rotation stopped.
int getch()
{
#ifdef __linux__
struct termios oldt, newt;
int ch;
tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &oldt);
newt = oldt;
newt.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &newt);
ch = getchar();
tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &oldt);
return ch;
#elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
return _getch();
#endif
}
int kbhit(void)
{
#ifdef __linux__
struct termios oldt, newt;
int ch;
int oldf;
tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &oldt);
newt = oldt;
newt.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &newt);
oldf = fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_GETFL, 0);
fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_SETFL, oldf | O_NONBLOCK);
ch = getchar();
tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &oldt);
fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_SETFL, oldf);
if (ch != EOF)
{
ungetc(ch, stdin);
return 1;
}
return 0;
#elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
return _kbhit();
#endif
}
These functions accept the key inputs in terms of example action. The example codes mainly apply the function getch() rather than the function kbhit() to get information which key has been pressed.
int main()
{
// Initialize PortHandler instance
// Set the port path
// Get methods and members of PortHandlerLinux or PortHandlerWindows
dynamixel::PortHandler *portHandler = dynamixel::PortHandler::getPortHandler(DEVICENAME);
// Initialize PacketHandler instance
// Set the protocol version
// Get methods and members of Protocol1PacketHandler or Protocol2PacketHandler
dynamixel::PacketHandler *packetHandler = dynamixel::PacketHandler::getPacketHandler(PROTOCOL_VERSION);
// Initialize GroupSyncWrite instance
dynamixel::GroupSyncWrite groupSyncWrite(portHandler, packetHandler, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_WRITE, LEN_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_WRITE);
// Initialize Groupsyncread instance
dynamixel::GroupSyncRead groupSyncRead(portHandler, packetHandler, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ, LEN_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ);
int index = 0;
int dxl_comm_result = COMM_TX_FAIL; // Communication result
bool dxl_addparam_result = false; // addParam result
bool dxl_getdata_result = false; // GetParam result
int dxl_goal_position[2] = {DXL_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE, DXL_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE}; // Goal position
uint8_t dxl_error = 0; // Dynamixel error
uint8_t dxl_moving = 0; // Dynamixel moving status
uint8_t param_indirect_data_for_write[LEN_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_WRITE];
uint8_t dxl_led_value[2] = {0x00, 0xFF}; // Dynamixel LED value
int32_t dxl_present_position = 0; // Present position
// Open port
if (portHandler->openPort())
{
printf("Succeeded to open the port!\n");
}
else
{
printf("Failed to open the port!\n");
printf("Press any key to terminate...\n");
getch();
return 0;
}
// Set port baudrate
if (portHandler->setBaudRate(BAUDRATE))
{
printf("Succeeded to change the baudrate!\n");
}
else
{
printf("Failed to change the baudrate!\n");
printf("Press any key to terminate...\n");
getch();
return 0;
}
// Disable Dynamixel Torque :
// Indirect address would not accessible when the torque is already enabled
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write1ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_DISABLE, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
else
{
printf("DXL has been successfully connected \n");
}
// INDIRECTDATA parameter storages replace LED, goal position, present position and moving status storages
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE + 0, ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION + 0, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE + 2, ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION + 1, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE + 4, ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION + 2, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE + 6, ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION + 3, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE + 8, ADDR_PRO_LED_RED, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ + 0, ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION + 0, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ + 2, ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION + 1, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ + 4, ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION + 2, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ + 6, ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION + 3, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ + 8, ADDR_PRO_MOVING, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
// Enable DXL Torque
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write1ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_ENABLE, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
// Add parameter storage for the present position value
dxl_addparam_result = groupSyncRead.addParam(DXL_ID);
if (dxl_addparam_result != true)
{
fprintf(stderr, "[ID:%03d] groupSyncRead addparam failed\n", DXL_ID);
return 0;
}
while(1)
{
printf("Press any key to continue! (or press ESC to quit!)\n");
if (getch() == ESC_ASCII_VALUE)
break;
// Allocate LED and goal position value into byte array
param_indirect_data_for_write[0] = DXL_LOBYTE(DXL_LOWORD(dxl_goal_position[index]));
param_indirect_data_for_write[1] = DXL_HIBYTE(DXL_LOWORD(dxl_goal_position[index]));
param_indirect_data_for_write[2] = DXL_LOBYTE(DXL_HIWORD(dxl_goal_position[index]));
param_indirect_data_for_write[3] = DXL_HIBYTE(DXL_HIWORD(dxl_goal_position[index]));
param_indirect_data_for_write[4] = dxl_led_value[index];
// Add values to the Syncwrite storage
dxl_addparam_result = groupSyncWrite.addParam(DXL_ID, param_indirect_data_for_write);
if (dxl_addparam_result != true)
{
fprintf(stderr, "[ID:%03d] groupSyncWrite addparam failed\n", DXL_ID);
return 0;
}
// Syncwrite all
dxl_comm_result = groupSyncWrite.txPacket();
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS) packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
// Clear syncwrite parameter storage
groupSyncWrite.clearParam();
do
{
// Syncread present position from indirectdata2
dxl_comm_result = groupSyncRead.txRxPacket();
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS) packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
// Check if groupsyncread data of Dyanamixel is available
dxl_getdata_result = groupSyncRead.isAvailable(DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ, LEN_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION);
if (dxl_getdata_result != true)
{
fprintf(stderr, "[ID:%03d] groupSyncRead getdata failed", DXL_ID);
return 0;
}
// Check if groupsyncread data of Dyanamixel is available
dxl_getdata_result = groupSyncRead.isAvailable(DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ + LEN_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION, LEN_PRO_MOVING);
if (dxl_getdata_result != true)
{
fprintf(stderr, "[ID:%03d] groupSyncRead getdata failed", DXL_ID);
return 0;
}
// Get Dynamixel present position value
dxl_present_position = groupSyncRead.getData(DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ, LEN_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION);
// Get Dynamixel moving status value
dxl_moving = groupSyncRead.getData(DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ + LEN_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION, LEN_PRO_MOVING);
printf("[ID:%03d] GoalPos:%d PresPos:%d IsMoving:%d\n", DXL_ID, dxl_goal_position[index], dxl_present_position, dxl_moving);
}while(abs(dxl_goal_position[index] - dxl_present_position) > DXL_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD);
// Change goal position
if (index == 0)
{
index = 1;
}
else
{
index = 0;
}
}
// Disable Dynamixel Torque
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write1ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_DISABLE, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
// Close port
portHandler->closePort();
return 0;
}
In main() function, the codes call actual functions for Dynamixel control.
// Initialize PortHandler instance
// Set the port path
// Get methods and members of PortHandlerLinux or PortHandlerWindows
dynamixel::PortHandler *portHandler = dynamixel::PortHandler::getPortHandler(DEVICENAME);
getPortHandler() function sets port path as DEVICENAME, and prepare an appropriate dynamixel::PortHandler in controller OS automatically.
// Initialize PacketHandler instance
// Set the protocol version
// Get methods and members of Protocol1PacketHandler or Protocol2PacketHandler
dynamixel::PacketHandler *packetHandler = dynamixel::PacketHandler::getPacketHandler(PROTOCOL_VERSION);
getPacketHandler() function sets the methods for packet construction by choosing the PROTOCOL_VERSION.
// Initialize GroupSyncWrite instance
dynamixel::GroupSyncWrite groupSyncWrite(portHandler, packetHandler, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_WRITE, LEN_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_WRITE);
Methods of groupSyncWrite instance deals simultaneously with more than one Dynamixel through the port which the portHandler handles, building packets by the methods of packetHandler instance and writing LEN_PRO_GOAL_POSITION bytes of the values on the address ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION.
// Initialize Groupsyncread instance
dynamixel::GroupSyncRead groupSyncRead(portHandler, packetHandler, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ, LEN_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ);
Methods of groupSyncRead instance deals simultaneously with more than one Dynamixel through the port which the portHandler handles, building packets by the methods of packetHandler instance and requiring LEN_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION bytes of the values on the address ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION.
int index = 0;
int dxl_comm_result = COMM_TX_FAIL; // Communication result
bool dxl_addparam_result = false; // addParam result
bool dxl_getdata_result = false; // GetParam result
int dxl_goal_position[2] = {DXL_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE, DXL_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE}; // Goal position
uint8_t dxl_error = 0; // Dynamixel error
uint8_t dxl_moving = 0; // Dynamixel moving status
uint8_t param_indirect_data_for_write[LEN_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_WRITE];
uint8_t dxl_led_value[2] = {0x00, 0xFF}; // Dynamixel LED value
int32_t dxl_present_position = 0; // Present position
index variable points the direction to where the Dynamixel should be rotated.
dxl_comm_result indicates which error has been occurred during packet communication.
dxl_addparam_result indicates the result of parameter addition used for sync/bulk related functions
dxl_getdata_result indicates the result of data reception used for sync/bulk related functions
dxl_goal_position stores goal points of Dynamixel rotation.
dxl_error shows the internal error in Dynamixel.
dxl_moving views whether the Dynamixel is stopped.
param_indirect_data_for_write becomes filled with couple of goal position values and LED value to write on each Dynamixel.
dxl_led_value stores LED values of Dynamixel.
dxl_present_position view where now each Dynamixel points out.
// Open port
if (portHandler->openPort())
{
printf("Succeeded to open the port!\n");
}
else
{
printf("Failed to open the port!\n");
printf("Press any key to terminate...\n");
getch();
return 0;
}
First, controller opens the port to do serial communication with the Dynamixel. If it fails to open the port, the example will be terminated.
// Set port baudrate
if (portHandler->setBaudRate(BAUDRATE))
{
printf("Succeeded to change the baudrate!\n");
}
else
{
printf("Failed to change the baudrate!\n");
printf("Press any key to terminate...\n");
getch();
return 0;
}
Secondly, the controller sets the communication BAUDRATE at the port opened previously.
// Disable Dynamixel Torque :
// Indirect address would not accessible when the torque is already enabled
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write1ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_DISABLE, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
else
{
printf("DXL has been successfully connected \n");
}
Indirect address and Indirect data are particularly applicable to control several items far from each other in control table address simultaenously. Nth Indirect data shows one of the item on the control table that Nth Indirect Address points out, so if you want to see Dynamixel LED RED value through 1st indirect data, change value of 1st Indirect Address to ADDR_PRO_LED_RED value.
However, Dynamixel PRO has Indirect Address items on its EEPROM area. (Please see the E-Manual.) To change them, you must disable the torque at first.
Above dynamixel::PacketHandler::write1ByteTxRx() function sends an instruction to the #DXL_ID Dynamixel through the port which the portHandler handles, writing 1 byte of TORQUE_DISABLE value to ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE address. Then, it receives the dxl_error. The function returns 0 if no communication error has been occurred.
// INDIRECTDATA parameter storages replace LED, goal position, present position and moving status storages
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE + 0, ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION + 0, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE + 2, ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION + 1, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE + 4, ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION + 2, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE + 6, ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION + 3, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE + 8, ADDR_PRO_LED_RED, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
These allocate five target address for writing (ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION + 0, ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION + 1, ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION + 2, ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION + 3 and ADDR_PRO_LED_RED) to the Indirect Addresses(ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_WRITE + 0 ~ 9) 2 bytes each. Now, you can change goal position value or red LED value by writing 4 byte and 1 byte each on the 1st ~ 4th and 5th Indirect Data item.
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ + 0, ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION + 0, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ + 2, ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION + 1, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ + 4, ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION + 2, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ + 6, ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION + 3, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write2ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ + 8, ADDR_PRO_MOVING, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
These allocate five target address for writing (ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION + 0, ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION + 1, ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION + 2, ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION + 3 and ADDR_PRO_MOVING) to the Indirect Addresses(ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTADDRESS_FOR_READ + 0 ~ 9) 2 bytes each. Now, you can get present position value or moving status value by reading 4 byte and 1 byte each on the 6st ~ 9th and 10th Indirect Data item.
// Enable DXL Torque
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write1ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_ENABLE, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
As mentioned in the document, above code enables each Dynamixel`s torque to set their status as being ready to move.
dynamixel::PacketHandler::write1ByteTxRx() function sends an instruction to the #DXL_ID Dynamixel through the port which the portHandler handles, writing 1 byte of TORQUE_ENABLE value to ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE address. Then, it receives the dxl_error. The function returns 0 if no communication error has been occurred.
// Add parameter storage for the present position value
dxl_addparam_result = groupSyncRead.addParam(DXL_ID);
if (dxl_addparam_result != true)
{
fprintf(stderr, "[ID:%03d] groupSyncRead addparam failed\n", DXL_ID);
return 0;
}
dynamixel::GroupSyncRead::addParam() function stores the Dynamixel ID of required data to the syncread target Dynamixel list.
while(1)
{
printf("Press any key to continue! (or press ESC to quit!)\n");
if (getch() == ESC_ASCII_VALUE)
break;
// Allocate LED and goal position value into byte array
param_indirect_data_for_write[0] = DXL_LOBYTE(DXL_LOWORD(dxl_goal_position[index]));
param_indirect_data_for_write[1] = DXL_HIBYTE(DXL_LOWORD(dxl_goal_position[index]));
param_indirect_data_for_write[2] = DXL_LOBYTE(DXL_HIWORD(dxl_goal_position[index]));
param_indirect_data_for_write[3] = DXL_HIBYTE(DXL_HIWORD(dxl_goal_position[index]));
param_indirect_data_for_write[4] = dxl_led_value[index];
// Add values to the Syncwrite storage
dxl_addparam_result = groupSyncWrite.addParam(DXL_ID, param_indirect_data_for_write);
if (dxl_addparam_result != true)
{
fprintf(stderr, "[ID:%03d] groupSyncWrite addparam failed\n", DXL_ID);
return 0;
}
// Syncwrite all
dxl_comm_result = groupSyncWrite.txPacket();
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS) packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
// Clear syncwrite parameter storage
groupSyncWrite.clearParam();
do
{
// Syncread present position from indirectdata2
dxl_comm_result = groupSyncRead.txRxPacket();
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS) packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
// Check if groupsyncread data of Dyanamixel is available
dxl_getdata_result = groupSyncRead.isAvailable(DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ, LEN_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION);
if (dxl_getdata_result != true)
{
fprintf(stderr, "[ID:%03d] groupSyncRead getdata failed", DXL_ID);
return 0;
}
// Check if groupsyncread data of Dyanamixel is available
dxl_getdata_result = groupSyncRead.isAvailable(DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ + LEN_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION, LEN_PRO_MOVING);
if (dxl_getdata_result != true)
{
fprintf(stderr, "[ID:%03d] groupSyncRead getdata failed", DXL_ID);
return 0;
}
// Get Dynamixel present position value
dxl_present_position = groupSyncRead.getData(DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ, LEN_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION);
// Get Dynamixel moving status value
dxl_moving = groupSyncRead.getData(DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ + LEN_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION, LEN_PRO_MOVING);
printf("[ID:%03d] GoalPos:%d PresPos:%d IsMoving:%d\n", DXL_ID, dxl_goal_position[index], dxl_present_position, dxl_moving);
}while(abs(dxl_goal_position[index] - dxl_present_position) > DXL_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD);
// Change goal position
if (index == 0)
{
index = 1;
}
else
{
index = 0;
}
}
During while() loop, the controller writes and reads each Dynamixel position through packet transmission/reception(Tx/Rx).
To continue their rotation, press any key except ESC.
From param_indirect_data_for_write[0] to param_indirect_data_for_write[4] becomes filled with dxl_led_value and each from low-low-byte to high-high-byte part of dxl_goal_position by using predefined function DXL_LOBYTE() and DXL_HIBYTE(), DXL_LOWORD() and DXL_HIWORD().
dynamixel::GroupSyncWrite::addParam() function stores the Dynamixel ID and its goal position param_indirect_data_for_write to the syncwrite target Dynamixel list.
dynamixel::GroupSyncWrite::txPacket() function sends an instruction to the Dynamixel #DXL_ID through the port which the portHandler handles, making it possible to write same pre-listed length bytes to same pre-listed address. The function returns 0 if no communication error has been occurred.
dynamixel::GroupSyncWrite::clearParam() function clears the Dynamixel list of groupsyncwrite.
dynamixel::GroupSyncRead::txRxPacket() function sends an instruction to the Dynamixel #DXL_ID through the port which the portHandler handles, making it possible to read same pre-listed length(LEN_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ) of bytes to same pre-listed address(ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ). The function returns 0 if no communication error has been occurred.
dynamixel::GroupSyncRead::isAvailable() function checks if available data is in the groupsyncread data storage. The function returns false if no data is available in the storage.
dynamixel::GroupSyncRead::getData() function pop the data received by dynamixel::GroupSyncRead::txRxPacket() function out. In the example, it stores LEN_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION byte data and LEN_PRO_MOVING byte data got from ADDR_PRO_INDIRECTDATA_FOR_READ address of Dynamixel.
dynamixel::GroupSyncRead::clearParam() function clears the Dynamixel list of groupsyncread.
Reading their present position will be ended when absolute value of (dxl_goal_position[index] - dxl_present_position) becomes smaller then DXL_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD.
At last, it changes their direction to the counter-wise and waits for extra key input.
// Disable Dynamixel Torque
dxl_comm_result = packetHandler->write1ByteTxRx(portHandler, DXL_ID, ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_DISABLE, &dxl_error);
if (dxl_comm_result != COMM_SUCCESS)
{
packetHandler->printTxRxResult(dxl_comm_result);
}
else if (dxl_error != 0)
{
packetHandler->printRxPacketError(dxl_error);
}
The controller frees the Dynamixel to be idle.
dynamixel::PacketHandler::write1ByteTxRx() function sends an instruction to the #DXL_ID Dynamixel through the port which the portHandler handles, writing 1 byte of TORQUE_DISABLE value to ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE address. Then, it receives the dxl_error. The function returns 0 if no communication error has been occurred.
// Close port
portHandler->closePort();
return 0;
Finally, port becomes disposed.