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Python Protocol Combined

Sample code

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

#
# protocol_combined.py
#
#  Created on: 2016. 6. 16.
#      Author: Ryu Woon Jung (Leon)
#

#
# *********     Protocol Combined Example      *********
#
#
# Available Dynamixel model on this example : All models using Protocol 1.0 and 2.0
# This example is tested with a Dynamixel MX-28, a Dynamixel PRO 54-200 and an USB2DYNAMIXEL
# Be sure that properties of Dynamixel MX and PRO are already set as %% MX - ID : 1 / Baudnum : 1 (Baudrate : 1000000) , PRO - ID : 1 / Baudnum : 3 (Baudrate : 1000000)
#

# Be aware that:
# This example configures two different control tables (especially, if it uses Dynamixel and Dynamixel PRO). It may modify critical Dynamixel parameter on the control table, if DYNAMIXEL have wrong ID.
#

import os, sys

if os.name == 'nt':
    import msvcrt
    def getch():
        return msvcrt.getch().decode()
else:
    import tty, termios
    fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
    old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
    tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno())
    def getch():
        return sys.stdin.read(1)

os.sys.path.append('../dynamixel_functions_py')             # Path setting

import dynamixel_functions as dynamixel                     # Uses DYNAMIXEL SDK library

# Control table address for Dynamixel MX
ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE       = 24                            # Control table address is different in Dynamixel model
ADDR_MX_GOAL_POSITION       = 30
ADDR_MX_PRESENT_POSITION    = 36

# Control table address for Dynamixel PRO
ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE      = 562
ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION      = 596
ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION   = 611

# Protocol version
PROTOCOL_VERSION1           = 1                             # See which protocol version is used in the Dynamixel
PROTOCOL_VERSION2           = 2

# Default setting
DXL1_ID                     = 1                             # Dynamixel ID: 1
DXL2_ID                     = 2                             # Dynamixel ID: 2
BAUDRATE                    = 1000000
DEVICENAME                  = "/dev/ttyUSB0".encode('utf-8')        # Check which port is being used on your controller
                                                            # ex) Windows: "COM1"   Linux: "/dev/ttyUSB0"

TORQUE_ENABLE               = 1                             # Value for enabling the torque
TORQUE_DISABLE              = 0                             # Value for disabling the torque
DXL1_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE = 100                           # Dynamixel will rotate between this value
DXL1_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE = 4000                          # and this value (note that the Dynamixel would not move when the position value is out of movable range. Check e-manual about the range of the Dynamixel you use.)
DXL2_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE = -150000
DXL2_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE = 150000
DXL1_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD = 10                           # Dynamixel moving status threshold
DXL2_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD = 20

ESC_ASCII_VALUE             = 0x1b

COMM_SUCCESS                = 0                             # Communication Success result value
COMM_TX_FAIL                = -1001                         # Communication Tx Failed

# Initialize PortHandler Structs
# Set the port path
# Get methods and members of PortHandlerLinux or PortHandlerWindows
port_num = dynamixel.portHandler(DEVICENAME)

# Initialize PacketHandler Structs
dynamixel.packetHandler()

index = 0
dxl_comm_result = COMM_TX_FAIL                              # Communication result
dxl1_goal_position = [DXL1_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE, DXL1_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE]         # Goal position of Dynamixel MX
dxl2_goal_position = [DXL2_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE, DXL2_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE]         # Goal position of Dynamixel PRO
dxl_error = 0                                               # Dynamixel error
dxl1_present_position = 0                                   # Present position of Dynamixel MX
dxl2_present_position = 0                                   # Present position of Dynamixel PRO

# Open port
if dynamixel.openPort(port_num):
    print("Succeeded to open the port!")
else:
    print("Failed to open the port!")
    print("Press any key to terminate...")
    getch()
    quit()


# Set port baudrate
if dynamixel.setBaudRate(port_num, BAUDRATE):
    print("Succeeded to change the baudrate!")
else:
    print("Failed to change the baudrate!")
    print("Press any key to terminate...")
    getch()
    quit()


# Enable Dynamixel#1 torque
dynamixel.write1ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1, DXL1_ID, ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_ENABLE)
if dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1) != COMM_SUCCESS:
    dynamixel.printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION1, dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1))
elif dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1) != 0:
    dynamixel.printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION1, dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1))
else:
    print("Dynamixel#%d has been successfully connected" % (DXL1_ID))

# Enable Dynamixel#1 torque
dynamixel.write1ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2, DXL2_ID, ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_ENABLE)
if dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2) != COMM_SUCCESS:
    dynamixel.printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION2, dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2))
elif dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2) != 0:
    dynamixel.printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION2, dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2))
else:
    print("Dynamixel#%d has been successfully connected" % (DXL2_ID))


while 1:
    print("Press any key to continue! (or press ESC to quit!)")
    if getch() == chr(ESC_ASCII_VALUE):
        break

    # Write Dynamixel#1 goal position
    dynamixel.write2ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1, DXL1_ID, ADDR_MX_GOAL_POSITION, dxl1_goal_position[index])
    if dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1) != COMM_SUCCESS:
        dynamixel.printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION1, dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1))
    elif dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1) != 0:
        dynamixel.printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION1, dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1))

    # Write Dynamixel#1 goal position
    dynamixel.write4ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2, DXL2_ID, ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION, dxl2_goal_position[index])
    if dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2) != COMM_SUCCESS:
        dynamixel.printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION2, dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2))
    elif dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2) != 0:
        dynamixel.printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION2, dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2))

    while 1:
        # Read Dynamixel#1 present position
        dxl1_present_position = dynamixel.read2ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1, DXL1_ID, ADDR_MX_PRESENT_POSITION)
        if dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1) != COMM_SUCCESS:
            dynamixel.printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION1, dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1))
        elif dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1) != 0:
            dynamixel.printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION1, dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1))

        # Read Dynamixel#2 present position
        dxl2_present_position = dynamixel.read4ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2, DXL2_ID, ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION)
        if dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2) != COMM_SUCCESS:
            dynamixel.printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION2, dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2))
        elif dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2) != 0:
            dynamixel.printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION2, dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2))


        print("[ID:%03d] GoalPos:%03d  PresPos:%03d [ID:%03d] GoalPos:%03d  PresPos:%03d" % (DXL1_ID, dxl1_goal_position[index], dxl1_present_position, DXL2_ID, dxl2_goal_position[index], dxl2_present_position))

        if not ((abs(dxl1_goal_position[index] - dxl1_present_position) > DXL1_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD) or (abs(dxl2_goal_position[index] - dxl2_present_position) > DXL2_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD)):
            break

    # Change goal position
    if index == 0:
        index = 1
    else:
        index = 0


# Disable Dynamixel#1 Torque
dynamixel.write1ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1, DXL1_ID, ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_DISABLE)
if dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1) != COMM_SUCCESS:
    dynamixel.printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION1, dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1))
elif dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1) != 0:
    dynamixel.printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION1, dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1))

# Disable Dynamixel#2 Torque
dynamixel.write1ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2, DXL2_ID, ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_DISABLE)
if dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2) != COMM_SUCCESS:
    dynamixel.printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION2, dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2))
elif dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2) != 0:
    dynamixel.printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION2, dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2))


# Close port
dynamixel.closePort(port_num)

Details

import os, sys

if os.name == 'nt':
    import msvcrt
    def getch():
        return msvcrt.getch().decode()
else:
    import tty, termios
    fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
    old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
    tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno())
    def getch():
        return sys.stdin.read(1)

os.sys.path.append('../dynamixel_functions_py')             # Path setting

import dynamixel_functions as dynamixel                     # Uses DYNAMIXEL SDK library

getch() gets the input which is for example code control.

os.sys.path.append() sets paths of function reference.

This example uses dynamixel_functions library as dynamixel imported from dynamixel_functions_py package.

# Control table address for Dynamixel MX
ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE       = 24                            # Control table address is different in Dynamixel model
ADDR_MX_GOAL_POSITION       = 30
ADDR_MX_PRESENT_POSITION    = 36

# Control table address for Dynamixel PRO
ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE      = 562
ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION      = 596
ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION   = 611

Dynamixel series have their own control tables: Addresses and Byte Length in each items. To control one of the items, its address (and length if necessary) is required. Find your requirements in http://emanual.robotis.com/.

# Protocol version
PROTOCOL_VERSION1           = 1                             # See which protocol version is used in the Dynamixel
PROTOCOL_VERSION2           = 2

Dynamixel uses either or both protocols: Protocol 1.0 and Protocol 2.0. Choose one of the Protocol which is appropriate in the Dynamixel.

# Default setting
DXL1_ID                     = 1                             # Dynamixel ID: 1
DXL2_ID                     = 2                             # Dynamixel ID: 2
BAUDRATE                    = 1000000
DEVICENAME                  = "/dev/ttyUSB0".encode('utf-8')        # Check which port is being used on your controller
                                                            # ex) Windows: "COM1"   Linux: "/dev/ttyUSB0"

TORQUE_ENABLE               = 1                             # Value for enabling the torque
TORQUE_DISABLE              = 0                             # Value for disabling the torque
DXL1_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE = 100                           # Dynamixel will rotate between this value
DXL1_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE = 4000                          # and this value (note that the Dynamixel would not move when the position value is out of movable range. Check e-manual about the range of the Dynamixel you use.)
DXL2_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE = -150000
DXL2_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE = 150000
DXL1_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD = 10                           # Dynamixel moving status threshold
DXL2_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD = 20

ESC_ASCII_VALUE             = 0x1b

Here we set some variables to let you freely change them and use them to run the example code.

As the document already said in previous chapter, customize Dynamixel control table items, such as DXL_ID number, communication BAUDRATE, and the DEVICENAME, on your own terms of needs. In particular, BAUDRATE and DEVICENAME have systematical dependencies on your controller, so make clear what kind of communication method you will use.

Dynamixel basically needs the TORQUE_ENABLE to be rotating or give you its internal information. On the other hand, it doesn’t need torque enabled if you get your goal, so finally do TORQUE_DISABLE to prepare to the next sequence.

Since the Dynamixel has its own rotation range, it may shows malfunction if your request on your dynamixel is out of range. For example, Dynamixel MX-28 and Dynamixel PRO 54-200 has its rotatable range as 0 ~ 4028 and -250950 ~ 250950, each.

DXL_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD acts as a criteria for verifying its rotation stopped.

COMM_SUCCESS                = 0                             # Communication Success result value
COMM_TX_FAIL                = -1001                         # Communication Tx Failed

Each of the variables above show the meaning of the communication result value.

# Initialize PortHandler Structs
# Set the port path
# Get methods and members of PortHandlerLinux or PortHandlerWindows
port_num = dynamixel.portHandler(DEVICENAME)

portHandler() function sets port path as DEVICENAME and get port_num, and prepares an appropriate functions for port control in controller OS automatically. port_num would be used in many functions in the body of the code to specify the port for use.

# Initialize PacketHandler Structs
dynamixel.packetHandler()

packetHandler() function initializes parameters used for packet construction and packet storing.

index = 0
dxl_comm_result = COMM_TX_FAIL                              # Communication result
dxl1_goal_position = [DXL1_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE, DXL1_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE]         # Goal position of Dynamixel MX
dxl2_goal_position = [DXL2_MINIMUM_POSITION_VALUE, DXL2_MAXIMUM_POSITION_VALUE]         # Goal position of Dynamixel PRO
dxl_error = 0                                               # Dynamixel error
dxl1_present_position = 0                                   # Present position of Dynamixel MX
dxl2_present_position = 0                                   # Present position of Dynamixel PRO

index variable points the direction to where the Dynamixel should be rotated.

dxl_comm_result indicates which error has been occurred during packet communication.

dxl1_goal_position and dxl2_goal_position stores goal points of Dynamixel rotation.

dxl_error shows the internal error in Dynamixel.

dxl1_present_position and dxl2_present_position views where now it points out.

# Open port
if dynamixel.openPort(port_num):
    print("Succeeded to open the port!")
else:
    print("Failed to open the port!")
    print("Press any key to terminate...")
    getch()
    quit()

First, controller opens #port_num port to do serial communication with the Dynamixel. If it fails to open the port, the example will be terminated.

# Set port baudrate
if dynamixel.setBaudRate(port_num, BAUDRATE):
    print("Succeeded to change the baudrate!")
else:
    print("Failed to change the baudrate!")
    print("Press any key to terminate...")
    getch()
    quit()

Secondly, the controller sets the communication BAUDRATE at #port_num port opened previously.

# Enable Dynamixel#1 torque
dynamixel.write1ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1, DXL1_ID, ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_ENABLE)
if dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1) != COMM_SUCCESS:
    dynamixel.printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION1, dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1))
elif dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1) != 0:
    dynamixel.printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION1, dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1))
else:
    print("Dynamixel#%d has been successfully connected" % (DXL1_ID))

# Enable Dynamixel#1 torque
dynamixel.write1ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2, DXL2_ID, ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_ENABLE)
if dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2) != COMM_SUCCESS:
    dynamixel.printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION2, dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2))
elif dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2) != 0:
    dynamixel.printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION2, dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2))
else:
    print("Dynamixel#%d has been successfully connected" % (DXL2_ID))

As mentioned in the document, above code enables each Dynamixel`s torque to set their status as being ready to move.

write1ByteTxRx() function sends an instruction to the #DXL1_ID and #DXL2_ID DYNAMIXEL in each PROTOCOL_VERSION1 and PROTOCOL_VERSION2 communication protocol through #port_num port, writing 1 byte of TORQUE_ENABLE value to ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE and ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE address. The function checks Tx/Rx result and receives Hardware error. getLastTxRxResult() function and getLastRxPacketError() function get either, and then printTxRxResult() function and printRxPacketError() function show results on the console window if any communication error or Hardware error has been occurred.

while 1:
    print("Press any key to continue! (or press ESC to quit!)")
    if getch() == chr(ESC_ASCII_VALUE):
        break

    # Write Dynamixel#1 goal position
    dynamixel.write2ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1, DXL1_ID, ADDR_MX_GOAL_POSITION, dxl1_goal_position[index])
    if dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1) != COMM_SUCCESS:
        dynamixel.printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION1, dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1))
    elif dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1) != 0:
        dynamixel.printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION1, dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1))

    # Write Dynamixel#1 goal position
    dynamixel.write4ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2, DXL2_ID, ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION, dxl2_goal_position[index])
    if dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2) != COMM_SUCCESS:
        dynamixel.printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION2, dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2))
    elif dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2) != 0:
        dynamixel.printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION2, dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2))

    while 1:
        # Read Dynamixel#1 present position
        dxl1_present_position = dynamixel.read2ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1, DXL1_ID, ADDR_MX_PRESENT_POSITION)
        if dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1) != COMM_SUCCESS:
            dynamixel.printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION1, dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1))
        elif dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1) != 0:
            dynamixel.printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION1, dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1))

        # Read Dynamixel#2 present position
        dxl2_present_position = dynamixel.read4ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2, DXL2_ID, ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION)
        if dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2) != COMM_SUCCESS:
            dynamixel.printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION2, dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2))
        elif dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2) != 0:
            dynamixel.printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION2, dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2))


        print("[ID:%03d] GoalPos:%03d  PresPos:%03d [ID:%03d] GoalPos:%03d  PresPos:%03d" % (DXL1_ID, dxl1_goal_position[index], dxl1_present_position, DXL2_ID, dxl2_goal_position[index], dxl2_present_position))

        if not ((abs(dxl1_goal_position[index] - dxl1_present_position) > DXL1_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD) or (abs(dxl2_goal_position[index] - dxl2_present_position) > DXL2_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD)):
            break

    # Change goal position
    if index == 0:
        index = 1
    else:
        index = 0

During while loop, the controller writes and reads the Dynamixel position through packet transmission/reception(Tx/Rx).

To continue its rotation, press any key except ESC.

write2ByteTxRx() function sends an instruction to the #DXL1_ID Dynamixel in PROTOCOL_VERSION1 communication protocol through #port_num port, writing 2 byte of dxl1_goal_position[index] value to ADDR_MX_GOAL_POSITION address. The function checks Tx/Rx result and receives Hardware error. getLastTxRxResult() function and getLastRxPacketError() function get either, and then printTxRxResult() function and printRxPacketError() function show results on the console window if any communication error or Hardware error has been occurred.

write4ByteTxRx() function sends an instruction to the #DXL2_ID Dynamixel in PROTOCOL_VERSION2 communication protocol through #port_num port, writing 4 byte of dxl2_goal_position[index] value to ADDR_PRO_GOAL_POSITION address. The function checks Tx/Rx result and receives Hardware error. getLastTxRxResult() function and getLastRxPacketError() function get either, and then printTxRxResult() function and printRxPacketError() function show results on the console window if any communication error or Hardware error has been occurred.

read2ByteTxRx() function sends an instruction to the #DXL1_ID Dynamixel in PROTOCOL_VERSION1 communication protocol through #port_num port, requesting 2 bytes of value in ADDR_MX_PRESENT_POSITION address. The function checks Tx/Rx result and receives Hardware error. getLastTxRxResult() function and getLastRxPacketError() function get either, and then printTxRxResult() function and printRxPacketError() function show results on the console window if any communication error or Hardware error has been occurred.

read4ByteTxRx() function sends an instruction to the #DXL2_ID Dynamixel in PROTOCOL_VERSION2 communication protocol through #port_num port, requesting 4 bytes of value in ADDR_PRO_PRESENT_POSITION address. The function checks Tx/Rx result and receives Hardware error. getLastTxRxResult() function and getLastRxPacketError() function get either, and then printTxRxResult() function and printRxPacketError() function show results on the console window if any communication error or Hardware error has been occurred.

Reading its present position will be ended when absolute value of (dxl1_goal_position[index] - dxl1_present_position) or (dxl2_goal_position[index] - dxl2_present_position) becomes smaller then DXL_MOVING_STATUS_THRESHOLD.

At last, it changes its direction to the counter-wise and waits for extra key input.

# Disable Dynamixel#1 Torque
dynamixel.write1ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1, DXL1_ID, ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_DISABLE)
if dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1) != COMM_SUCCESS:
    dynamixel.printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION1, dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1))
elif dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1) != 0:
    dynamixel.printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION1, dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION1))

# Disable Dynamixel#2 Torque
dynamixel.write1ByteTxRx(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2, DXL2_ID, ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE, TORQUE_DISABLE)
if dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2) != COMM_SUCCESS:
    dynamixel.printTxRxResult(PROTOCOL_VERSION2, dynamixel.getLastTxRxResult(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2))
elif dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2) != 0:
    dynamixel.printRxPacketError(PROTOCOL_VERSION2, dynamixel.getLastRxPacketError(port_num, PROTOCOL_VERSION2))

The controller frees the DYNAMIXEL to be idle.

write1ByteTxRx() function sends an instruction to the #DXL1_ID and #DXL2_ID DYNAMIXEL in each PROTOCOL_VERSION1 and PROTOCOL_VERSION2 communication protocol through #port_num port, writing 1 byte of TORQUE_DISABLE value to ADDR_MX_TORQUE_ENABLE and ADDR_PRO_TORQUE_ENABLE address. The function checks Tx/Rx result and receives Hardware error. getLastTxRxResult() function and getLastRxPacketError() function get either, and then printTxRxResult() function and printRxPacketError() function show results on the console window if any communication error or Hardware error has been occurred.

# Close port
dynamixel.closePort(port_num)

Finally, port becomes disposed.